Metaphors are a direct comparison.
Similes use like or as to compare.
Personification gives human characteristics to animals (and other objects).
Zoomorphism would be the same as personification but the other way round.
And I have no idea what you call a historical reference other than a source, or a date, or some kind of monarch. Just checked on the internet and it might be something called 'allusion'. Not sure though.
